Comparative phylogeography and demographic history of European shads (Alosa alosa and A. fallax) inferred from mitochondrial DNA

Table 1 Estimates of divergence among the three main lineages of Eurasian shads observed in Figure 1 ( A. alosa , A. fallax and Black Sea species complex), and among the three main clades identified within A. alosa and A. fallax using the two genes combined ( ND1 and cyt b )

	Divergence		Divergence time (Myrs) 1%	Divergence time (Myrs) 2%	Divergence time (Myrs) 4%
	pdistance
	D_a	D_xy
A. alosa/A. fallax	0.020	0.025	2.000-2.500	1.000-1.250	0.500-0.625
A. alosa/Black Sea	0.017	0.023	1.700-2.300	0.850-1.150	0.425-0.575
A. fallax/Black Sea	0.009	0.015	0.900-1.500	0.450-0.750	0.225-0.375
A. alosa
clade1/clade2	0.005	0.006	0.500-0.600	0.250-0.300	0.125-0.150
clade1/clade3	0.007	0.008	0.700-0.800	0.350-0.400	0.175-0.200
clade2/clade3	0.005	0.006	0.500-0.600	0.250-0.300	0.125-0.150
A. fallax
clade1/clade2	0.004	0.006	0.400-0.600	0.200-0.300	0.100-0.150
clade1/clade3	0.007	0.009	0.700-0.900	0.350-0.450	0.175-0.225
clade2/clade3	0.006	0.008	0.600-0.800	0.300-0.400	0.150-0.200

D_xy, mean pairwise divergence between groups; D_a, net nucleotide divergence between groups; Black Sea represents all haplotypes found in the BSC complex, including Bs2. Estimates using different divergence rates (1-4%) are presented.

ISSN: 2730-7182