Fig. 3

Population structure and history of Brandt’s vole (N = 746) from 23 sites inferred from D-loop data. a Median-joining network of 30 haplotypes. Circle sizes indicate haplotype frequencies. The colored segments indicate the sample size of voles available for each geographic location specified by the color key (black square, mv1, represents missing or unsampled haplotypes. b Geographic distributions of haplotypes found in c. d Ancestral area reconstruction, where W, NE and SE represent western, northeastern and southeastern distributions, respectively (color coding as in c). Pie charts on each node show the posterior probability (PP) of each ancestral haplotype occurring at an inferred ancestral geographic location as inferred with the S-DIVA method. Node codes (37–65) are shown on pie charts. (c.f. Additional file 3: Table S9 for numerical results obtained using S-DIVA and DEC). Probabilities <5% were lumped together as “*”. Blue branches indicate PP > 0.69