Fig. 1From: With a little help from my friends: cooperation can accelerate the rate of adaptive valley crossingCooperation and selection affect adaptation time in panmictic populations. The relative difference in adaptation time due to cooperation (ρ(0.6)) is plotted (color coding) as function of the selection coefficient, s (x-axis), and the double mutant coefficient, H (y-axis). Results are based on analytical approximations (Additional file 1: SI1a) of a panmictic population. White areas represent parameters where both cooperators and non-cooperators are not expected to achieve a peak shift by the process described in the text; black areas are parameters for which only non-cooperators are expected to go through the peak shift process; blue areas represent parameters for which both cooperators and non-cooperators achieve a peak shift, but non-cooperators accomplish the process faster. Yellow to orange areas are parameters for which cooperators achieve peak shift faster than non-cooperators, and the colors represent the relative difference in the expected time to peak shift due to cooperation (ρ). Results are shown for two recombination rates: r = 0.01 (panels a and c) and r = 0.1 (panels b and d); and two deme sizes: k = 2 (panels a and b) and k = 10 (panels c and d). Color results (yellow-orange and blue) are based on our approximation Additional file 1: SI1a; White and black border are based on SA3 and S28. Additional parameters are: n = 10,000/k , μ = 10−5 , c = 0.6 , b = 1.2Back to article page