Skip to main content

Table 2 Trophic strategy, rhizomorph production in nature and known geographic range of species used in this study

From: Resolved phylogeny and biogeography of the root pathogen Armillaria and its gasteroid relative, Guyanagaster

Species

Facultative Necrotroph?

Characterization

Rhizomorphs in nature?

Hosts

Known range

References

Armillaria affinis

Unknown

 

Unknown

 

Central America

[59]

Armillaria altimontana

Unknown

 

Yes

Hardwoods and conifers

Higher elevation forests of Western interior of North America

[83]

Armillaria borealis

Yes

Weakly pathogenic, opportunistic

Yes

Birch, wild cherry

Europe

[58, 84]

Armillaria calvescens

Yes

Opportunistic pathogen on stressed trees

Yes

Hardwoods, particularly sugar maple

Eastern North America

[85, 86]

Armillaria camerunensis

Unknown

Observed in a disease center, but unknown if it is the causal agent

None observed

Unknown

Africa

This study

Armillaria cepistipes

Yes

Weakly pathogenic

Yes

Conifers

Europe, North America

[58, 87]

Armillaria fumosa

Unknown

 

Unknown

 

Australia

[59]

Armillaria fuscipes

Yes

Particularly pathogenic to exotic species

None observed

Pine forest plantations, Acacia and Cordia species

Africa, India

[74, 75, 88]

Armillaria gallica

Yes

Weakly or secondarily pathogenic

Yes

Hardwoods

Europe, North America, Asia

[58]

Armillaria gemina

Yes

Primary pathogen

Yes

Maples, beech Birch

Eastern North America

[86]

Armillaria hinnulea

Yes

Secondary pathogen

Yes

In wet sclerophyll forests

Australia, New Zealand

[89, 90]

Armillaria limonea

Yes

Pathogenic to pine seedlings (introduced tree)

Yes

Pine

Argentina, Chile, New Zealand

[68, 91, 92]

Armillaria luteobubalina

Yes

Primary pathogen in native forests

Yes

Eucalyptus

Australia, Tasmania

[68, 93–95]

Armillaria mellea

Yes

Highly pathogenic

Yes

Over 600 ornamentals, hardwood and orchard trees

Europe, North America, Asia

[58, 96]

Armillaria novae-zelandiae

Yes

Pathogenic to pine seedlings (introduced tree)

Yes

Pine

Argentina,

Australia, Chile, New Zealand

[91, 92, 95]

Armillaria pallidula

Unknown

 

Unknown

 

Australia

[59]

Armillaria puiggarii

Unknown

Observed in a disease center, but unknown if it is the causal agent

Melanized rhizomorphs observed in the field

Dicymbe spp.

Argentina, Bolivia

Caribbean, Guyana

[95] and this study

Armillaria sinapina

Yes

Weakly pathogenic

Yes

Conifers

North America, Japan

[97]

Armillaria solidipes

Yes

Highly pathogenic

Yes

Conifers

Cooler regions of North America, Europe, China

[58, 98]

Desarmillaria ectypa

Unknown

Saprotrophic on decaying peat moss

No

Sphagnum moss

Europe, Russia, Japan, China

[57]

Desarmillaria tabescens

Yes

Highly pathogenic

No

Eucalyptus, Quercus

Asia, Europe, North America

[58, 73]

Guyanagaster lucianii

Unknown

Only saprotrophic stage observed

No

Eperua spp.

Guyana

This study

Guyanagaster necrorhizus

Unknown

Only saprotrophic stage observed

No, but short non-melanized hyphal cords may be produced

Dicymbe spp.

Guyana

[27]