An interspecific assessment of Bergmann’s rule in 22 mammalian families

Gohli, Jostein; Voje, Kjetil L.

doi:10.1186/s12862-016-0778-x

BMC Ecology and Evolution

Table 1 Results from regressing ln (body mass) on maximum-, median latitude, or temperature

From: An interspecific assessment of Bergmann’s rule in 22 mammalian families

Family	Predictor	n	Phylogentic half-life	Stationary variance	r ²	Optimal regression slope	AICc	AICc-θAICc
	−		31.50	30.00	−	−	186.25	−
Bovidae	median latitude	81	32.50	29.00	0.030	0.983	186.11	−0.14
Bovidae	max latitude	81	32.50	29.00	0.040	1.037	185.29	−0.96
	temperature		31.00	29.00	0.019	−1.180	186.99	0.73
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = <2e–16; Adjusted R-squared = 0.7038; estimate = −1.3470
	−		2.41	1.40	−	−	52.12	−
Canidae	median latitude	25	11.61	5.30	0.076	0.390	53.06	0.94
Canidae	max latitude	25	4.41	2.10	0.085	0.103	52.72	0.60
	temperature		10.81	3.70	0.233	−0.935	48.27	−3.85
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 4.42e–06 Adjusted R-squared = 0.5903; estimate = −1.1081
	−		∞	200.10	−	−	15.20	−
Cebidae	median latitude	35	∞	180.10	0.040	23.736	16.49	1.29
Cebidae	max latitude	35	∞	180.10	0.035	20.376	16.66	1.46
	temperature		∞	180.10	0.037	−56.352	16.58	1.38
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 2.52e–12; Adjusted R-squared = 0.7714 estimate = −2.6744
	−		∞	195.10	−	−	55.34	−
Cercopithecidae	median latitude	71	∞	104.10	0.023	8.854	55.94	0.61
Cercopithecidae	max latitude	71	∞	152.10	0.076	25.809	51.91	−3.42
	temperature		∞	136.10	0.039	−36.621	54.73	−0.60
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 1.34e–14; Adjusted R-squared: 0.5731; estimate = −1.8854
	−		0.41	0.80	−	−	62.38	−
Cervidae	median latitude	29	0.46	0.85	0.009	−0.005	64.90	2.51
Cervidae	max latitude	29	0.31	0.70	0.031	0.007	64.41	2.02
	temperature		0.31	0.70	0.036	−0.020	64.26	1.88
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 9.32e–08; Adjusted R-squared = 0.6457; estimate = −1.4761
	−		2.30	1.45	−	−	616.80	−
Cricetidae	median latitude	415	2.70	1.70	0.000	−0.005	618.81	2.01
Cricetidae	max latitude	415	3.00	1.85	0.004	−0.024	617.22	0.42
	temperature		2.70	1.70	0.000	−0.002	618.89	2.08
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = <2e–16; Adjusted R-squared = 0.5502; estimate = −1.3965
	−		1.15	1.80	−	−	136.22	−
Dasyuridae	median latitude	51	1.38	2.04	0.010	0.033	138.06	1.84
Dasyuridae	max latitude	51	1.74	2.40	0.032	0.063	137.02	0.80
	temperature		1.29	1.86	0.041	−0.142	136.46	0.24
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 9.49e–10; Adjusted R-squared = 0.5281; estimate = −1.6096
	−		1.67	0.59	−	−	69.93	−
Echimyidae	median latitude	49	1.22	1.22	0.008	−0.029	71.98	2.05
Echimyidae	max latitude	49	3.68	1.15	0.010	0.076	71.91	1.98
	temperature		1.46	0.52	0.014	0.109	71.63	1.70
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 2.65e–09; Adjusted R-squared = 0.523; estimate = −2.0384
	−		43.40	12.10	−	−	55.29	−
Emballonuridae	median latitude	34	43.80	12.10	0.004	−0.587	57.72	2.44
Emballonuridae	max latitude	34	44.60	12.10	0.019	0.964	57.19	1.91
	temperature		43.80	12.10	0.010	4.156	57.53	2.24
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 0.0257; Adjusted R-squared = 0.1194; estimate = −1.9120
	−		∞	1488.10	−	−	91.82	−
Felidae	median latitude	29	∞	1440.10	0.030	−43.326	93.71	1.88
Felidae	max latitude	29	∞	1320.10	0.055	53.462	92.99	1.17
	temperature		∞	1520.10	0.002	17.582	94.47	2.64
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 6.69e–09; Adjusted R-squared = 0.7076; estimate = −1.5160
	−		0.39	0.46	−	−	64.03	−
Geomyidae	median latitude	32	0.01	0.23	0.366	−0.035	54.29	−9.74
Geomyidae	max latitude	32	0.01	0.23	0.380	−0.030	53.55	−10.47
	temperature		0.01	0.29	0.237	0.055	60.21	−3.82
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 1.02e–08; Adjusted R-squared = 0.6596; estimate = −1.5882
	−		∞	390.10	−	−	70.63	−
Heteromyidae	median latitude	51	∞	375.10	0.009	−20.960	72.54	1.91
Heteromyidae	max latitude	51	∞	360.10	0.050	−38.684	70.39	−0.24
	temperature		∞	345.10	0.045	71.262	70.65	0.02
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = <2e–16; Adjusted R-squared = 0.7576 estimate = −1.6277
	−		1.36	0.55	−	−	57.47	−
Leporidae	median latitude	45	1.45	0.58	0.010	−0.014	59.42	1.95
Leporidae	max latitude	45	1.81	0.66	0.037	−0.029	58.19	0.71
	temperature		1.21	0.50	0.011	0.024	59.41	1.94
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 1.11e–13; Adjusted R-squared = 0.72; estimate = −1.4950
	−		0.55	0.60	−	−	98.63	−
Macropodidae	median latitude	46	1.21	0.90	0.068	−0.068	98.59	−0.05
Macropodidae	max latitude	46	0.49	0.58	0.003	0.007	100.94	2.31
	temperature		0.97	0.74	0.071	0.098	98.01	−0.62
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 5.36e–08; Adjusted R-squared = 0.4817; estimate = −1.7153
	−		0.01	0.50	−	−	94.02	−
Molossidae	median latitude	41	0.01	0.50	0.016	−0.009	95.86	1.83
Molossidae	max latitude	41	0.01	0.50	0.017	−0.009	95.80	1.78
	temperature		0.01	0.50	0.017	0.033	95.80	1.78
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 9.92e–09; Adjusted R-squared = 0.5627; estimate = −2.5360
	−		0.75	1.60	−	−	786.97	−
Muridae	median latitude	324	0.80	1.70	0.000	0.002	789.02	2.05
Muridae	max latitude	324	0.80	1.70	0.000	0.005	788.90	1.93
	temperature		0.80	1.70	0.001	0.016	788.71	1.75
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = <2e–16; Adjusted R-squared = 0.3136; estimate = −1.3391
	−		∞	990.70	−	−	112.15	−
Mustelidae	median latitude	42	∞	975.70	0.002	−3.630	114.53	2.38
Mustelidae	max latitude	42	∞	975.70	0.001	2.613	114.55	2.41
	temperature		∞	975.70	0.003	9.162	114.48	2.33
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = <2e–16; Adjusted R-squared = 0.8448; estimate = −1.6665
	−		∞	945.70	−	−	97.62	−
Nesomyidae	median latitude	32	∞	900.70	0.004	−22.286	100.15	2.52
Nesomyidae	max latitude	32	∞	850.70	0.048	−51.197	98.82	1.19
	temperature		∞	925.70	0.007	−42.047	100.04	2.42
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 0.54933; Adjusted R-squared = −0.0209; estimate = −0.1836
	−		1.71	1.20	−	−	184.97	−
Phyllostomidae	median latitude	101	1.66	1.15	0.000	0.006	187.13	2.15
Phyllostomidae	max latitude	101	1.96	1.30	0.013	−0.050	185.82	0.85
	temperature		1.66	1.15	0.009	−0.157	186.23	1.25
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 4.17e–08; Adjusted R-squared = 0.2556; estimate = −2.1340
	−		0.15	1.18	−	−	134.12	−
Pteropodidae	median latitude	52	0.13	1.02	0.069	0.025	136.36	2.24
Pteropodidae	max latitude	52	0.16	0.96	0.143	0.034	132.27	−1.85
	temperature		0.13	1.02	0.065	−0.126	136.71	2.59
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = 3.04e–05; Adjusted R-squared = 0.2821; estimate = −2.4749
	−		1.41	2.50	−	−	418.47	−
Sciuridae	median latitude	196	1.21	2.20	0.005	0.018	419.71	1.24
Sciuridae	max latitude	196	1.21	2.20	0.000	0.001	420.58	2.11
	temperature		1.61	2.80	0.000	0.002	420.58	2.11
Median latitude - temperature regression: P-value = <2e–16; Adjusted R-squared = 0.8577; estimate = −1.8349
	−		0.16	0.45	−	−	155.53	−
Vespertilionidae	median latitude	91	0.16	0.45	0.041	0.002	158.77	3.24
Vespertilionidae	max latitude	91	0.16	0.45	0.042	−0.003	158.66	3.13
	temperature		0.16	0.45	0.042	−0.006	158.72	3.20
Median latitude-temperature regression: P-value = <2e–16; Adjusted R-squared = 0.8307; estimate = −2.0254

Phylogenetic half-life estimates indicate the level of phylogenetic dependency in models where no predictors were included. In models with predictors, half-life gives the average time (in lengths of the phylogeny) it takes to move half the way from an ancestral state to the optimal state, i.e. rate of adaptation. All phylogenies are scaled to a total length of 1. Stationary variance gives the residual variance when the model has reaches a stochastic equilibrium, and r ² gives the amount of variance explained by the optimal regression. Optimal regression slope is the slope for which SLOUCH has removed the effect of phylogenetic inertia (slope expected under immediate and unconstrained adaptation). AICc values are compared to the intercept-only model (AICc-θAICc) where larger negative values indicate the most improvement from the model without predictors. Also included are results from regressing median latitude on temperature for each family

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