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Table 4 Summary of the timings of the main geological events in Mesoamerica based on freshwater fauna.

From: Evolutionary history of the fish genus Astyanax Baird & Girard (1854) (Actinopterygii, Characidae) in Mesoamerica reveals multiple morphological homoplasies

Genera

Gene

Calibration %/Mya

Event

Event Time

Roeboides, Hypopomus and Pimelodella* [8]

ATP6&8

1.3% K2P

 

4–7 Mya Mio-Pliocene

Astyanax* [37]

Cytb

1.5% K2P

 

3 Mya Pliocene

Rhamdia* [12]

Cytb +

1.3% K2P

 

2.5–2.9 Mya guatemalensis clade

 

ATP6&8

1.5% (Cytb) HKY85

 

6.5–5.6 Mya laticauda clade

    

Mio-Pliocene

Synbranchus and Ophisternon** [13]

Cytb +

1.3% (ATP6&8) K2P

 

12.7 – 23 Mya Miocene

 

ATP6&8

1.5% (Cytb) TrN+G

Colonization of the Mesoamerica from South America

 

Cichlidae** [22]

Cytb

0.7% uncorrected

 

10 Mya Miocene

Rivulus**[86], recalculated

Cytb

1% uncorrected

 

18–20 Mya Miocene

Brycon, Bryconamericus, Eretmobrycon and Cyphocharax * [15]

ATP6&8

3.6% Ks

 

< 3.1 Mya Plio-Pleistocene

Poeciliidae [57]

MtDNA and nuclear genes

Mateos (2002) calibration

 

Before to Panama closure Cretaceous-Miocene

Poeciliopsis** [11]

Cytb

1–2% K2P

TMVB

8–16 Mya to 2.8–6.4 Mya Mio-Pliocene

  1. *Primary freshwater fishes, ** Secondary freshwater fishes.