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Table 2 Summary of divergence dates and geographic origins involving Comorian and/or Malagasy taxa (Note that dating methods and calibration points vary among the studies).

From: Tracing the colonization history of the Indian Ocean scops-owls (Strigiformes: Otus) with further insight into the spatio-temporal origin of the Malagasy avifauna

Taxa

Geographic origin

Date estimate

Reference

Philepittinae

Africa or Indo-Malaya

41.2 ± 2.5 mya

[40, 41]

Vangidae

Africa or Indo-Malaya

(1) 19.7 mya, (16.8–27.0);

(2) 28 ± 4.0 mya

[10, 42]

Bernieridae

Africa

25.2 mya (21.4–31.7)

[42]

Streptopelia picturata/

Nesoenas mayeri

Africa

20.8 ± 4.1 mya

[43]

Coracina cinerea

Australasia

18.8 ± 2.2 mya

[16, 43]

Hartlaubius auratus

Africa or Indo-Malaya

12.9–17 mya

[44]

Ispidina madagascariensis

Africa

13.5 ± 2.6 mya

[9, 45]

Corythornis cristata

Africa

5.5 ± 1.1 mya

[9, 45]

Indian Ocean Dicrurus

Africa

4.7 mya (95% CI: 2.7–7.4)

[46]

Motacilla flaviventris

Africa

4.5 ± 0.3 mya

[47]

Otus

Indo-Malaya

3.6 mya (95% HPD: 1.8–6.0)

This study

Nectarinia souimanga clade

Africa

1.9–3.9 mya

[48]

Nectarinia notata clade

Africa

1.5–3.5 mya

[48]

Zosterops borbonicus

lineage

Indo-Malaya

1.8 mya

[49]

Indian Ocean Hypsipetes

Indo-Malaya

0.6–2.6 mya

[13]

Zosterops maderaspatanus

lineage

Africa

1.2 mya

[49]

Anas

Australasia

No divergence date

[50]

  1. mya: million years ago