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Table 4 Descriptions of the three new species comprising the Urbanus bernikerni complex, based on specimens reared from wild-caught caterpillars in ACG, northwestern Costa Rica, and deposited in USNM

From: Mitochondrial and nuclear phylogenetic analysis with Sanger and next-generation sequencing shows that, in Área de Conservación Guanacaste, northwestern Costa Rica, the skipper butterfly named Urbanus belli(family Hesperiidae) comprises three morphologically cryptic species

Characters

Urbanus segnestamiBurns n. sp.

Urbanus bernikerniBurns n. sp.

Urbanus ehakernaeBurns n. sp.

Holotype male voucher code

06-SRNP-46181

93-SRNP-3294

03-SRNP-10927

Holotype DNA barcode & Genbank Accession No.

AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGAATT

TGAGCAGGATTAATTGGAACTT

CTCTAAGATTACTTATTCGAACT

GAATTAGGAACTCCAGGATCTTT

AATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATA

ATACTATTGTAACAGCTCACGCA

TTTATTATAATTTTCTTTATAGTT

ATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATT

TGGTAATTGACTAGTACCTTTAA

TAATAGGAGCCCCTGATATAGCT

TTCCCCCGTATAAACAATATAAG

ATTTTGATTACTACCCCCATCTTT

AACTTTATTAATTTCAAGAAGAAT

TGTTGAAAATGGTGCTGGTACTG

GATGAACAGTTTATCCCCCCCTTT

CATCTAATATTGCCCATCAAGGAG

CTTCTGTTGATTTAGCAATTTTTTC

TCTTCATCTTGCAGGTATTTCATC

AATTCTTGGAGCTATTAATTTTAT

TACAACAATTATTAATATACGAAT

AATAGATTATCTTTTGATCAAAT

ACCATTATTTGTATGAGCTGTAG

GAATTACAGCATTATTATTATTA

CTTTCTTTACCTGTTTTAGCTGG

AGCTATTACTATATTATTAACTG

ACCGAAACTTAAATACTTCATTT

TTTGATCCTGCTGGAGGAGGAG

ATCCAATTCTATATCAACATTTA

TTT, GU156383

AACCTTATATTTTATTTTTGGAAT

TTGAGCAGGATTAATTGGAACTT

CTTTAAGATTACTTATTCGAACA

GAATTAGGAACCCCAGGATCTCT

AATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATA

ATACTATTGTAACAGCTCATGCA

TTTATTATAATTTTTTTTATAGTT

ATACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATT

TGGTAATTGATTAGTCCCTTTAA

TAATAGGTGCTCCTGATATAGCT

TTCCCCCGTATAAACAATATAAG

ATTTTGATTATTACCCCCCTCATT

AACTTTATTAATTTCAAGAAGAAT

TGTTGAAAATGGAGCTGGTACTG

GATGAACAGTTTATCCCCCTCTT

TCATCTAATATTGCTCACCAAGG

AGCCTCAGTTGATTTAGCAATTT

TTTCCCTTCATCTCGCTGGTATTT

CATCAATTCTTGGAGCTATTAAT

TTTATTACAACAATTATTAATAT

ACGAATTAATAGATTAACTTTTG

ATCAAATACCTTTATTTGTATGA

GCCGTAGGAATTACAGCATTATT

ATTATTACTTTCTTTACCTGTTT

TAGCTGGAGCTATTACTATATTA

TTAACAGATCGAAATTTAAATAC

ATCGTTTTTTGATCCTGCTGGAG

GAGGAGATCCAATTTTATACCAA

CATTTATTT, JQ526818

AACTTTATATTTTATTTTTGGAA

TTTGAGCAGGATTAATTGGAACT

TCTTTAAGATTACTTATTCGAACT

GAATTAGGAACCCCAGGATCTTT

AATTGGAGATGATCAAATTTATA

ATACTATTGTTACAGCTCACGCAT

TTATCATAATTTTTTTTATAGTTA

TACCTATTATAATTGGAGGATTT

GGTAATTGATTAGTACCTTTAAT

AATAGGAGCCCCTGATATAGCTT

TCCCTCGTATAAACAATATAAGA

TTTTGATTATTACCTCCTTCTTT

AACTTTATTAATTTCAAGAAGAA

TTGTTGAAAATGGTGCTGGTACT

GGATGAACAGTTTATCCCCCTCT

TTCATCTAATATTGCCCACCAAG

GAGCTTCTGTTGATTTAGCAATT

TTTTCTCTTCATCTAGCAGGTAT

CTCATCAATTCTTGGAGCTATTA

ATTTTATTACAACAATCATTAACA

TACGAATTAATAGATTATCTTTTG

ATCAAATACCATTATTTGTGTGAG

CTGTAGGAATTACAGCATTATTAT

TATTACTTTCTTTACCTGTTTTAGC

TGGAGCTATTACTATATTATTAACC

GATCGAAACTTAAATACTTCATTTT

TTGACCCTGCTGGAGGAGGAGAT

CCAATTCTATATCAACATTTATTT,

GU161980

Paratypes

107 males, 84 females

39 males, 36 females

16 males, 16 females

DNA barcode cluster in NJ tree

See Figure 1

See Figure 1

See Figure 1

Additional molecular characters

See subsequent text

See subsequent text

See subsequent text

Ecosystem

Dry forest and rain forest

Dry forest and rain forest

Rain forest

Presence of Wolbachia strain 108 of Supergroup B

Yes

No

Yes

Etymology

Named in honor of Mats Segnestam of Sigtuna, Sweden, formerly of Svenska Naturforeningen and then the Swedish governmental agency SIDA, in recognition of his intense two decades of facilitating the germination and growth of ACG as a concept and reality of conservation through non-damaging biodiversity development.

Named in honor of Bernd Kern (RIP) of Vaesterhaninge, Sweden, in recognition of his joint high energy, dedication, and enthusiasm with Eha Kern in the 1980's creation and subsequent decades of execution of Barnensregnskog (Childrens Rainforest of Sweden, http://www.barnensregnskog.se) in support of land purchase for ACG and support of many other Neotropical conservation projects.

Named in honor of Eha Kern of Vaesterhaninge, Sweden, in recognition of her joint high energy, dedication, and enthusiasm with Bernd Kern in the 1980's creation and subsequent decades of execution of Barnensregnskog (Childrens Rainforest of Sweden, http://www.barnensregnskog.se) in support of land purchase for ACG and support of many other Neotropical conservation projects.