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Table 1 Fossil records of Solanaceae

From: A phylogenetic framework for evolutionary study of the nightshades (Solanaceae): a dated 1000-tip tree

Name

Age (Mya)

Epoch

Organ

Fossil strata

Country

Solanaceae

Phylogenetic positioning

Datura cf. stramonium

3.6 - 2.6

Pliocene: Piazencian

seed

Kholmech, Dnieper river

Belarus

Yes

Solanoideae

Hyoscyamus sp.

5.3 - 2.6

Pliocene

seed

Kroscienko

Poland

Yes

Solanoideae

Hyoscyamus niger

3.6 - 2.6

Pliocene: Piazencian

seed

Pont-de-Gail, Cantal

France

Yes

Solanoideae

Physalis alkekengi

7.3 - 3.6

Mio/Pliocene: Messinian-Zanclean

seed

Saugbagger Flora

France

Yes

Solanoideae

Physalis alkekengi

3.6 - 2.6

Pliocene: Piazencian

seed

Kholmech, Dnieper river

Belarus

Yes

Solanoideae

Physalis alkekengi

3.6 - 2.6

Pliocene: Piazencian

seed

Bezirk Halle

Germany

Yes

Solanoideae

Physalis pliocenica

28.4 - 23.0

Oligocene: Chattian

seed

Zentendorf

Germany

Yes

Solanoideae

Physalis pliocenica

5.3 - 2.6

Pliocene

seed

Kroscienko

Poland

Yes

Solanoideae

Physalis pliocenica

11.6 - 7.3

Miocene: Tortonian

seed

Stare Gliwice

Poland

Yes

Solanoideae

Physalis pliocenica

13.7 - 11.6

Miocene: Serravallian

seed

Tongrube Forst Neukollm

Germany

Yes

Solanoideae

Physalis pliocenica

13.7 - 11.6

Miocene: Serravallian

seed

Klettwitz

Germany

Yes

Solanoideae

Physalis alkekengi

7.3 - 3.6

Mio/Pliocene: Messinian-Zanclean

seed

Nochten-Ost

Germany

Yes

Solanoideae

Physalis aff. alkekengi

5.3 - 3.6

Pliocene: Zanclean

seed

Baldevo Formation

Bulgaria

Yes

Solanoideae

Scopolia carniolica

3.6 - 2.6

Pliocene: Piazencian

seed

Bezirk Halle

Germany

Yes

Solanoideae

Solanispermum reniforme

48.0 - 46.0

Eocene: Late Ypresian/Early Lutetian

seed

Lower Bagshot (Arne), Poole Formation

UK

Yes

Solanaceae

Solanispermum reniforme

48.0 - 46.0

Eocene: Late Ypresian/Early Lutetian

seed

Bournemouth Freshwater Beds, Poole Formation

UK

Yes

Solanaceae

Solanispermum reniforme

44.0 - 40.0

Eocene: Late Lutetian

seed

Boscombe Sand Formation

UK

Yes

Solanaceae

Solanispermum reniforme

40.4 - 37.2

Eocene: Bartonian

seed

Highcliffs sands/Cliff End Beds, Barton Formation

UK

Yes

Solanaceae

Solanispermum reniforme

33.9 - 28.4

Oligocene: Rupelian

seed

Bovey Tracey

UK

Yes

Solanaceae

Solanum arnense

48.0 - 46.0

Eocene: Late Ypresian/Early Lutetian

seed

Lower Bagshot (Arne), Poole Formation

UK

Yes

Solanaceae

Solanum cf. persicum

3.6 - 2.6

Pliocene: Piazencian

seed

Kholmech

Belarus

Yes

Solanoideae

Solanum dulcamara

7.3 - 3.6

Mio/Pliocene: Messinian-Zanclean

seed

Saugbagger Flora

France

Yes

Solanoideae

Solanum dulcamara

3.6 - 2.6

Pliocene: Piazencian

seed

Bezirk Halle

Germany

Yes

Solanoideae

Solanum dulcamara

3.6 - 2.6

Pliocene: Piazencian

seed

Nordhausen

Germany

Yes

Solanoideae

Solanum dulcamara

3.6 - 2.6

Pliocene: Piazencian

seed

Rippersroda

Germany

Yes

Solanoideae

Solanum dulcamara

5.3 - 2.6

Pliocene

seed

Tegelen-Sur-Meuse

Holland

Yes

Solanoideae

Solanum dulcamara

3.6 - 2.6

Pliocene: Piazencian

seed

Pont-de-Gail, Cantal

France

Yes

Solanoideae

Solanum dulcamara

3.6 - 2.6

Pliocene: Piazencian

seed

Pont-de-Gail, Cantal

France

Yes

Solanoideae

Solanum dulcamara

5.3 - 2.6

Pliocene

seed

Kroscienko

Poland

Yes

Solanoideae

Solanum nigrum

11.6 - 5.3

Miocene: Tortonian-Messinian

seed

North Rhine, Hambach

Germany

Yes

Solanoideae

Solanum sp.

5.3-2.6

Pliocene

seed

Limburg & Prussian border

Holland

Yes

Solanoideae

Cantisolanum daturoides

55.0 – 50.0

Eocene: early Ypresian

seed

London Clay Formation

UK

No

-

Unknown Solanaceae

5.3-2.6

Pliocene

seed

Limburg & Prussian border

Holland

No

-

Physalis sp.

5.3 - 0.0

Plio/Pleistocene

seed

Torre Picchio section (P11 & P12), Santa Maria di Ciciliano Formation

Italy

? 1

-

Solanum sp.

1.7 - 1.2*

Pleistocene

seed

Olduvai Gorge

Tanzania

? 1

-

Physalis sp.

23.0 - 16.0

Miocene: Aquitanian-Burdigalian

seed

Kireevsky Village, Ob River

Russia

? 2

-

Solanum sp. #1

3.6 - 2.6

Pliocene: Piacenzian

seed

Chernoluch Village, Irtysh River

Russia

? 2

-

Solanum sp. #2

16.0 - 11.6

Miocene: Langhian-Serravallian

seed

Novonikolsky Village, Irtysh River

Russia

? 2

-

Solanum sp. #2

16.0 - 11.6

Miocene: Langhian-Serravallian

seed

Ebargulsky Village, Irtysh River

Russia

? 2

-

Solanumxylon paranensis

16.0 - 11.6

Miocene: Langhian-Serravallian

wood

Paraná Formation

Argentina

Yes

Solanaceae

Solanaceae or Asteraceae

70.6 - 65.5

Cretaceous: Maastrichtian

wood

Panoche Formation, Del Puerto

USA

No

-

Pollen forma C

72.0 - 68.0

Cretaceous: Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary

pollen

San Joaquin Valley (D-1 & D-2), Great Valley Sequence

USA

No

-

Datura cf. discolor

37.2 - 33.9

Eocene: Priabonian

pollen

Florissant Basin

USA

? 1

-

Solanum sp.

5.3 - 0.0

Plio/Pleistocene

pollen

Olduvai Gorge

Tanzania

? 1

-

Solandra haeliadum

55.8 -33.9

Eocene

leaf

Salcedo

Italy

No

-

Solanites brongniartii

33.9 - 23.0

Oligocene

flower

Aix-en-Provence

France

No

-

Solanites crassus

55.8 - 40.4

Eocene: Lutetian-Ypresian

flower

Claiborne

USA

No

-

Solanites pusillus

55.8 - 40.4

Eocene: Lutetian-Ypresian

flower

Claiborne

USA

No

-

Solanites saportanus

55.8 - 40.4

Eocene: Lutetian-Ypresian

flower

Claiborne

USA

No

-

Solanites sarachaformis

55.8 - 40.4

Eocene: Lutetian-Ypresian

flower

Claiborne

USA

No

-

  1. List of all known fossil records of Solanaceae. Fossils highlighted in bold were scanned using high-resolution X-ray computed tomography [T.Särkinen, M.Collinson, P.Kenrick, F.Ahmed, unpublished observations]. For full details of the fossil and references to primary sources, see Additional file 1.
  2. 1 No description nor illustration or proper reference to specimen.
  3. 2 Reference not located.