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Table 5 Listing of animal lineages with known biogeographic transitions between Andean and Amazonian habitats

From: Transitions between Andean and Amazonian centers of endemism in the radiation of some arboreal rodents

Class

Group

Taxa

Highest elevation

Number of transitions

Ages of transition

Source(s)

Andes-to-Amazon

Mammals

vesper mice (Sigmodontinae)

Calomys

5000 m

1*

16.3% in cyt-b (8.2 Ma) a

[21]

Mammals

olingos (Procyonidae)

Bassaricyon

2750 m

1*

3.5 Ma

[93]

Birds

antshrikes (Thamnophilidae)

Thamnophilus

2300 m

1

< 1 Ma b

[14]

Birds

tanagers (Thraupidae)

Tangara

3500 m

6

7.5, 7.5, 5, 3, 3, and 3 Ma c

[94, 95]

Birds

spinetails (Furnariidae)

Cranioleuca

4400 m

2

1 and 0.5 Ma c

[94]

Birds

miners (Furnariidae)

Geositta

4900 m

3

10, 9, and 5 Ma c

[94]

Birds

ovenbirds (Furnariidae)

Cinclodes

5200 m

1

0.5 Ma c

[94]

Birds

greenfinches (Fringillidae)

Carduelis

4600 m

2

1 and 0.5 Ma c

[94]

Birds

parrots (Psittacidae)

Pionus (menstruus group)

3000 m

1*

5.6 Ma

[15]

Amphibians

poison frogs (Dendrobatidae)

Dendrobates

1958 m

3

21.1, 6.5, and 2.4 Ma d

[20]

Amphibians

poison frogs (Dendrobatidae)

Hyloxalus

3500 m

5

7.4, 5.6, 5.1, 4.7, and 1.6 Ma d

[20]

Amphibians

poison frogs (Dendrobatidae)

Ameerega

2020 m

4

7.2, 6.7, 6.1, and 3.1 Ma d

[20, 96]

Amphibians

salamanders (Plethodontidae)

Bolitoglossa

2000 m

1

23.6 Ma e

[97]

Insects

butterflies (Nymphalidae)

Ithomia

2400 m

2

10 and 7 Ma f

[98]

Insects

butterflies (Nymphalidae)

Napeogenes

2700 m

2

11 and 2 Ma f

[98]

Amazon-to-Andes

Mammals

spiny tree-rats (Echimyidae)

Mesomys

1581 m

1

2.8–1.2 Ma

This study

Mammals

bamboo rats (Echimyidae)

bamboo rat clade

3200 m

1

9.0–4.2 Ma

This study

Mammals

mouse opossums (Didelphidae)

Marmosa (Micoureus)

1634 m

1*

12.7% in cyt-b (6.4 Ma) a

[19, 99, 100]

Mammals

night monkeys (Nyctipithecidae)

Aotus

3200 m

1

< 1 Ma g

[101]

Mammals

howler monkeys (Atelidae)

Alouatta

3200 m

2

2.5 and 2.5 Ma g

[101]

Birds

antshrikes (Thamnophilidae)

Thamnophilus

2300 m

2

5.5–3 and 3.6–1.6 Ma b

[14]

Birds

flycatchers (Tyrannidae)

Leptopogon

2700 m

2

9–6 and 6–3 Ma

[12]

Birds

flycatchers (Tyrannidae)

Myarchus

3000 m

1

3 Ma c

[94]

Birds

parrots (Psittacidae)

Pionus (sordidus group)

3000 m

1

3.0 Ma

[15]

Birds

parrots (Psittacidae)

Amazona

3300 m

2

2 and 1 Ma c

[94]

Birds

tanagers (Thraupidae)

Tangara

3500 m

6

7, 4, 3.5, 3, 3, and 1 Ma c

[94, 95]

Birds

trogons (Trogonidae)

Trogon

3400 m

2

7 and 6 Ma c

[94]

Birds

potoos (Nyctibiidae)

Nyctibius

2800 m

1

7.5 Ma c

[94]

Birds

blackbirds (Icteridae)

blackbird clade

3200 m

3

5, 4, and 3.5 Ma c

[94]

Birds

oropendolas (Icteridae)

Psarocolius and relatives

3300 m

3

5.5, 2, and 1 Ma c

[94]

Birds

orioles (Icteridae)

Icterus

2800 m

3

7, 5.5, and 1 Ma c

[94]

Birds

woodcreepers (Furnariidae)

Xiphorhynchus

2400 m

2

5 and 3.5 Ma c

[94]

Birds

woodcreepers (Furnariidae)

Dendrocincla

2500 m

1

7 Ma c

[94]

Birds

woodpeckers (Picidae)

Veniliornis

3600 m

4

4, 3.5, 1, and 1 Ma c

[94]

Birds

swallows (Hirundininae)

Neotropical swallow clade

4400 m

4

11, 6, 3.5, and 2 Ma c

[94]

Amphibians

poison frogs (Dendrobatidae)

Dendrobates

1958 m

1

4.4 Ma d

[20]

Amphibians

poison frogs (Dendrobatidae)

Ameerega

2020 m

1

2.4 Ma d

[20]

Amphibians

poison frogs (Dendrobatidae)

Allobates

2630 m

5

21.8, 15.2, 10.6, 1.2, and 0.8 Ma d

[20]

Insects

butterflies (Riodinidae)

Ithomiola

2100 m

2

not dated

[13]

Insects

butterflies (Nymphalidae)

Napeogenes

2700 m

2

5.5 and 4.5 Ma f

[98]

  1. a Divergences using cyt-b were converted to years using the rate 2% per Ma after Ferris et al. [102].
  2. b Age of the T. ruficapillus – T. torquatus transition was estimated from Figure 3 and the age of other splits [14].
  3. c Ages were estimated from Online Figure 2[94].
  4. d Polarity and ages of transition were obtained from Figures 2 and S12 [20].
  5. e The divergence of B. sp. Chilma from the remaining lowland forms Figures 3 and 5[97].
  6. f Polarities and ages were estimated from Figure 2[98].
  7. g Ages were estimated from Figure 4[101]; transitions were inferred from phylogenetic relationships and the IUCN database [32].
  8. Polarity categories of “Andes-to-Amazon” or “Amazon-to-Andes” are based on inferences from phylogenies, geographic ranges of living taxa, and/or ancestral state reconstructions. An asterisk (*) denotes instances of outgroup uncertainty that could influence the polarity of a transition. Ages of transition are mean dates provided in the text of sources unless otherwise noted. The highest elevations for each taxon are reported from localities or databases [1, 32].
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BMC Ecology and Evolution

ISSN: 2730-7182

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