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Figure 4 | BMC Evolutionary Biology

Figure 4

From: Animal HECT ubiquitin ligases: evolution and functional implications

Figure 4

Known substrates of HECT E3s that are related to the TGF-β signaling pathway. Lines connect the enzymes and their corresponding substrates. The presence (+) or absence (-) of genes encoding those substrates in the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis (M. b.) and the placozoan Trichoplax adhaerens (T. a.) is also indicated. NEDD4a - NEDD4d refer to the four genes already present in early animals. A question mark indicates that one or more related genes are detected, but it is unclear whether they are true orthologs of the corresponding human genes. It is clear from this data that NEDD4 genes of different origin ubiquitinate now the same substrates.

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